Why we wrote this
The information, herein, rewrites the
history of Washington County, Maryland. The printed words below answer two of
the National Register of Historic Places nomination questions,
- 1.
What is the historic significance of Baker’s
Lookout Plantation?
- 2.
Was the person that lived in Bakers Lookout Plantation
historically significant or a master?
“Master” Peter
Studebaker defected from Germany in 1736 and arrived in the colonies with trade
secrets and scientific technology that far exceeded others. This non-fiction
biography is how his life contributed greatly to settling a nation.
Peter Studebaker's wagon making trade, starting in
1736, was the foundation of the industrial revolution, the transportation
industry, and the Studebaker Corporation.
This Peter Studebaker story
started more than 270 years ago and is researched by land records, deeds,
wills, tax records of merit, so that we can feel the direct link to the past
and shed light upon on a lapse of time for an old and honored family and trade
name in a country as deep-rooted as the story. The story starts before written
documents, photography, books and real wheels were invented.
Although most know that
Studebaker made cars, very few know Studebaker made wagons. According to
scholar, John B. Rae, Studebaker wagons "grew
to be the largest producer of horse-drawn vehicles in the world,"[1]
and Studebaker became "the only one
of 5000 wagon manufacturers to make the transition from making wagons to
manufacturing automobiles."[2]
Peter Studebaker's family business that began in 1740 Bakers Lookout expanded and prospered until the business closed in
1963.
In 1918, Albert Russel Erskin,
Studebaker Corporation president, wrote the book, "History of the Studebaker Corporation", including the
1918 annual report, "Written for the
information of the 3,000 stockholders of the Studebaker Corporation, the 12,000
dealers in its products living throughout the world, its 15,000 employees and
numberless friends."[3]
This book was verified by lawyers and accountants and all board members and was
a legal document.[4] In the same book, Albert Russel Erskin,
accurately wrote that Peter Studebaker was the “wagon-maker, which trade later became the foundation of the family
fortune and the corporation which now bears his name.”[5]
“The ancestors of
the Studebaker family first arrived in America at the port of Philadelphia on
September 1, 1736, on the ship Harle,[6]
from Rotterdam, Holland, as shown in the original manuscripts now in the
Pennsylvania State Library at Harrisburg.”[7]
This included Peter Studebaker and his wife Anna Margetha Studebaker, Clement
Studebaker (Peter’s brother) and his wife, Anna Catherina Studebaker and
Heinrich Studebaker (Peter's cousin).[8]
Erskin writes about the
importance of Peter Studebaker's trade, when he states, "There are few trade names in American industry older or more
highly regarded than the name "Studebaker," which has always stood
for quality and fair dealing, and this name today is the greatest asset the
corporation owns. Buildings, machinery and operating organizations can be
replaced for money, but an old and honored trade name can only be acquired by
merit and through the lapse of time."[9]
"John
Studebaker, father of the five brothers [that began
Studebaker Corporation] "was the son
of Peter Studebaker."[10]
Of the five brothers, the last
brother alive was John Mohler Studebaker, and he was Albert Erskin's dear
friend. Upon John Mohler's death, Albert Erskin replaced him as president of
Studebaker Corporation and dedicated the 1918 History of the Studebaker Corporation, to John, the last living
brother of the five Studebakers that formed the corporation.[11]
Erskin reiterated in his book the stories John Mohler told him of the trade
secrets of Peter Studebaker.
Studebaker's motto was, "Give them more than they ask
for." The strong foundation also led to fame, "Studebaker name is a household word wherever vehicles are
used."[12]
Erskin accurately acknowledged
and praised Peter Studebaker's sharing his master German cutlery guild trade
secrets and skills, when he showed leadership by example, teaching the family
business from father to son, generation to generation. Peter's trade, the
family business, included building and acquiring land for industrious farms,
iron forging mills and wagon making beginning in 1740, Bakers Lookout and expanded by his descendants from Hagerstown,
Maryland to South Bend, Indiana and nationwide.[13]
Peter’s trade was the stepping-stone that expanded the industrial revolution
and the transportation industry that grew in gigantic proportions with the
country. Thomas E. Bonsall, wrote
"Much more than the story of a family business; it is also, in microcosm,
the story of the industrial development[14]
of America. [15] Merriam Webster Dictionary defines the industrial revolution: “A rapid major change in an economy marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines.” Peter Studebaker tempered metal to create stable and reliable axels and hubs for wagon wheels and gears that allowed for expansion to the west.
Peter shared
German Guild skills that changed the world
Early in the 18th century King
Louis of France and the King of England acknowledged the Solingen Germany
Cutlery Guild as having the greatest quality of luxury products created with
the highest scientific technology in the world. Kings and queens bought the
Guild's highly desired ornate swords, luxury coaches and wagons. The swords
today are highly prized treasures collected and coveted by museums all over the
world.
Peter's
family was from in Solingen Germany. Peter's father was "Master"
cutler, Johannes Staudenbecker (b.1662 - d.1728). Peters mother, Catherine Rau
(b.1670 - d.1712), was also from a family of Master cutlers. Johannes and
Catherine married in 1692 and had 5 children; Johann Peter, Clement, Wilhelm,
Ann Catherina, and Johannes.
The
Ruhr Valley of Germany in the town of Solingen, southeast of Düsseldorf has
been renown since the Middle Ages for ironwork and blade making. Throughout the
late 1600's people of that region had been subjected to war, heavy taxation and
religious strife and by the early 1700's life for many was unbearable.
In
Solingen, Germany, at least five generations of Studebakers followed the metal
working trade, such as forging techniques, tempering or heat-treating cutting
tools, and at least five generations belonged to the Cutlers Guild in which
membership was restricted to certain families and trade secrets were carefully
guarded. By 1729 Peter became the Master
craftsman of the guild, and he took the oath that same year.[16]
“Master,” like his family before him. Departing Germany was challenging because
the guilds did not want to export their professional secrets, for fear of
industrial espionage.
In 1740 Peter Studebaker was the
only person in America that manufactured products using the secrets of the
German guild. Peter was the first to manufacture wagons using German
technology. The only other reference to a German wagon maker with a forging
operation was after Peter's death in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania 1757.[17]
Peter was the first to make precision-cut dovetailed logs and construction
hardware with German technology. Although he used no slaves and no indentured
servants, Peter was the first to set up a hydro-powered forging mill in
Washington County, Maryland, along the Conococheague Creek. He was the first to build a bridge across
Conococheague Creek. He was the first to build a wagon factory and manufacture
wagons at Bakers Lookout. He was the
first to establish a wagon road on his Bakers
Lookout property. 178 years later, He was the only person acknowledged, by
the president of the world's largest wagon making company that his trade was
the foundation of that company and the company's fortune.
Society built in the colonies
Peter
(b.1695 Solingen Germany, d. 1753-4 Hagerstown, Maryland) Peter Married Anna
Aschauer in 1725. Peter's father died in 1728. German tradition dictated, the
eldest son, Peter, would inherit the family fortune. Peter, the one with the
inheritance paid for passage to America on the ship, "Harle," for family, a group of hand-selected apprentices, a
group from the Church of the Brethren
and their families, and with them, Peter shared the
secrets and the education of the guild.[18]
The plan was that all of them would
go into business in America.
Peter lived the golden rule
slogan, "Always give more than asked for." Peter was a member of the
Church of the Brethren, organized in Germany in 1720. Many ministers lived in Bakers Lookout where church was held
until a permanent church building was erected on the property. As the family business expanded, preachers, wagon-makers
the descendants and the Brethren group migrated and built industrious farms,
mills and churches. Peter's daughters and sons married other Brethren when they
came of age. This migration is documented with drawings and legal documents in
the Wierbach Manuscript.[19]
A
letter dated September 16, 1737, written by Peter Studebaker, to his relatives
back in Germany indicates persons of some social and intellectual achievement;
relatively few people in those days could read or write. The letter provides a
detailed description of life in colonial Germantown. In the letter we find that
the Peter prospering and happy with the decision to move to the colonies.
Various aspects of colonial life were described, stressing that anyone willing
to work hard "can make a good living here." There was a description
of friendly relations with "wild Indians" and expressed high respect
for their behavior commenting that, "They put to shame the majority of
nominal Christians." Peter did not approve of the importation of African
slaves. Peter was a conscientious objector to war. Peter said in his 1737
letter, “God Bless America”. We believe this to be the first written use of
this phrase.[20]
A religious group, later called
Mormons helped to expand the Studebaker family wagon-making region and the
transportation industry. Peter
Jr. moved from Hagerstown Maryland to Westmorland Pennsylvania, next to
Pittsburg Pennsylvania. At that time, Mormons in Pittsburg were being
persecuted for their religious beliefs.
Studebakers had compassion for Mormons as their own church group, Church
of the Brethren, had endured religious persecution, in Germany. The Studebaker
family working with Mormon apprentices built wagons so Mormons could migrate
westward. In fact the Mormons were the largest purchaser of Studebaker wagons
until the army requested that Studebakers make wagons for them.[21]
Bakers
Lookout was the first forging operation
to succeed without the use of slaves or indentured servants. Peter founded a
guild-like society of craftsmen in the colonies. This family business grew and
the industrious wagon making region and the transportation industry prospered.
Success granted everyone a piece of the action.[22]
Signor and Petitioner for sovereign government
May
11, 1739 the records show Peter Studebaker as a signor to a petition, addressed
to Governor Samuel Orr, and the Upper and Lower Houses of the Maryland
assembly… “From the settlers in the back
parts of Prince Georges County, complaining that the seat of government was 120
to 200 miles away, and that they are treated unfairly by the Sheriff who
neither come to demand, or give any account.
And if the inhabitants travel to the court, they are taken in
execution. Therefore, the Petitioners
humbly pray that the Country may be divided and a Courthouse be erected at
Salisbury Plain.” (Present day Salisbury Plain is in an area north
and east of Williamsport, Maryland, located on the south side of Halfway
Boulevard and Hopewell Road.) Peter
Studebaker was instrumental in the founding of Hagerstown. He signed the above-mentioned petition with
Jonathan Hager and 84 others.[23]
Because of this
petition, ten years and at least one other petition later, the name of the
county changed from Prince Georges County and became Frederick County in 1749
with Washington County formed from it in 1776. The individuals monitoring the
security of the mills eventually developed a law enforcement entity soon to
establish a court system and the courthouse soon to be erected. The first
Washington County Courthouse was built circa 1786. The second courthouse constructed in 1816,
designed by famous architect Benjamin Latrobe known as the Architect of the Capitol
was destroyed by fire in 1871. The current courthouse dates from 1873.
Bakers Lookout,
Peter Studebaker’s Colonial Home
The early emigrant colonists
came from a land that had everything, and came to a land where there was
nothing unless they made it themselves. There were no roads, no bridges,
no markets, and no conveniences. Peter located a geographic area, identical to
Solingen Germany, in this new country. This location had an abundance of
natural resources, rivers and timber, iron ore, massive amounts of oil shale
and rich soil.
Perched high on a knoll, the
first Studebaker plantation’s ideal site provided 360-degree views to eliminate
unseen enemy attacks. The first Studebaker plantation, Bakers Lookout, Peter built in 1740 as an outpost and fortress.
Timber, used to build home, factory, and other buildings, was quickly cleared
so land could be farmed. Farmland was necessary to feed his large family.
Cattle were raised to provide milk products and beef and their hides were used
for leather. Bakers Lookout served as
a fort, and a place to stay in wagons until houses were built. Bakers Lookout is a museum of Peter's
craftsmanship with precision-cut hewn logs, tempered construction hardware,
stone foundation and masonry lasting over 270 years.
The first mill,
first road, first bridge
Peter Studebaker built the first
hydropower forging mill mass-producing steel that utilized oil shale,
limestone, iron ore and timber, constructed on the island under the bridge.
This mill supplied steel for items that he created in his wagon-factory. The
Maryland Historical Trust WA-I-306 documents in 04/03/2001, that there were "ruins of the mill south and west of
the bridge."[24]
The Maryland Historical Trust
WA-I-306 writes 04/03/2001, that this road was "One of Washington County's earliest thoroughfares, Broadfording
Road was already in existence in 1747."[25]
The wagon transportation industry boomed. On the property, Broadfording Wagon Road built in 1740 by
Peter Studebaker, went directly through the property to allow access from the
home to the factory and to the mill. Broadfording
Wagon Road carried heavy traffic to Bakers
Lookout's wagon and forging services that were instrumental to expand the
west.
The original bridge, the first
bridge over the Conococheague creek, built by Peter Studebaker, the only bridge
until 1817, was built of stone and hand-hewn logs. Bakers Lookout, purchased by Peter Studebaker in 1740, abutted the Conococheague creek. Peter
also acquired an additional 100 acres in the 1740's, called Hopewell. This property was on the other
side of Conococheague creek. This proves the bridge is on Peter's property.
Both deeds may be found in Frederick County, Maryland, Land Records.[26]
The Maryland Historical Trust WA-I-306 documents in 04/03/2001, "Broadfording Bridge played an
important role in stimulating transportation and commerce throughout the
area."[27]
The Conococheague Bridge served as a barrier to ambush enemies, and extended Broadfording Wagon Road. The bridge
became a pathway to the frontier west of Conococheague creek.
Bakers Lookout,
Studebaker’s First Wagon Factory
The first Studebaker wagon
factory was built in 1740 next to the home. To the east of Bakers Lookout ran a clear spring-fed creek called Troup Run. The non-freezing spring
remained 57 degrees, enabling the hydro-powered forging mill to run year round
to eliminate halts in production. The factory was a large triple-sized barn
structure built with forging furnaces. Peter was the first person forging steel
and tempering steel in the region.
Most blacksmiths only knew how
to shape steel, and without Peter's technology, other's made metal parts that
were brittle and prone to breakage. Those making wheels did not have the time
or the technology to let the wood age appropriately. Peter Studebaker, Master
of the guild, knew how to make everything from nothing and did it all using a three-step process. ONE: Peter used oil shale to
fire forging furnaces with extreme heat to extract iron from ore thereby
manufacturing steel. TWO: Peter shaped the steel. THREE: Peter did something no
one else did; he reheated the shaped steel creating hard durable parts, able to
last for centuries. He learned this
secret from making swords with blades that last forever. Peter was the first to
make tempered metal shafts, hubs, axels, and banding for wooden wheels.
These two guild secrets of Peter
Studebaker's trade established the foundation of the wagon making trade,
thereby the Studebaker name became famous and the respected reputation endured for
centuries.
SECRET ONE: In colonial times,
everyone used coal to fire foundry furnaces. More than 270 years ago, Peter
Studebaker was the only person, to use oil shale to fuel his foundry furnaces
that extracted iron from iron-ore to manufacture steel. By using oil shale
extreme heat was produced to harden and strengthen steel. Today, major oil companies using the same
natural resources are just beginning to understand how to separate oil from
shale to develop gasoline.
SECRET TWO: By placing wood near
his furnaces in a separate room with a kiln type area, Peter utilized
separation of oil from heated vapors to harden and quick season wood. Wood
treated with tremendous heat, moisture evaporated, became durable and hard and
created stability in size and shape. Oil absorbed into timber allowed bending
and shaping of wood to make round wheels and spokes. Peter's secrets permitted
the manufacture of durable wagon wheels and wagons far more advanced than
anyone else.
It all began in Bakers Lookout. The factory produced precision-cut
dovetailed hewed logs. Here Peter and his apprentices were able to manufacture
substantial construction hardware, nails, tools to hewn logs, hardware that
kept logs together, cutting equipment for mills, forging steel for hardware for
saddles and harnessing and horseshoes, barrels for food storage, spikes,
chains, pontoon barrels for floating bridges, all things to perfect
long-lasting tools and wagon parts. Cattle hide, (leather) was utilized for
clothing, shoes, pouches, upholstery, leather harnessing and saddles, bellows
for the forging furnaces and belts that helped run the hydro-powered mill
equipment. Peter developed interchangeable tools and parts, for the many styles
of wagons he created. Most importantly he made wagons.[28]
Bakers Lookout
Cemetery
The remains of the 18th century,
270-year old, cemetery holds the remains of Peter Studebaker, his wives,
children, cousin Heinrich and brother Clement, the Long family and many others,
were buried there from 1738 until the civil war. Two headstones remain intact
to remind us that all those buried in this cemetery are speaking to be
remembered.
"There is a romantic, nostalgic, pleasantly
melancholy feeling to old cemeteries that is hard to define but easy to
experience. Perhaps it is because we can feel the direct link to our past that
no history-book, no movie, no historical fantasy can ever convey. These stones
and these unkempt grounds are the hard evidence of lives that came before
us. Once, these people lived and breathed, loved, worked, fought, hoped
and despaired, and experienced their triumphs and failures just as we do
today. And although we seldom care to acknowledge it we will inevitably
go where they have gone."
The Chesapeake Book of the Dead: Tombstones, Epitaphs, Reflections
and Oddments of the Region
Peter turned over 100 acres and
all buildings in 1751 to John Long his son-in-law. This proves he built the
home on Bakers Lookout along with the
factory and many out buildings, and the bridge and the road. Peter lived in Bakers Lookout, died in 1754 and is
buried in Bakers Lookout private
cemetery.[29]
[1751 deed] Jonathan
Hager, the founder of Hagerstown, Maryland, that arrived on the "Harle" with Peter in 1736 and
was his friend served as Administrator of his Estate. Washington County, Maryland,
Wills and Probate supplied the June 8, 1754 probate of Peter Studebaker's will, and lists
Jonathan Hagar and Susanna Gibbons as executors.
Eugene Studebaker Wierbach
writes that Peter Studebaker is buried in Bakers
Lookout and describes the Bakers
Lookout cemetery location, "On a
slight rise to the left of the house is a small burial plot. In it are a number
of rough and unlettered field stones..."[30]
Harvey Lawrence Long, whose family lived in Bakers
Lookout, 1751 through 1859, described the location of the Studebaker-Long
cemetery as "8 yards north of the plantation house on Bakers Lookout."[31]
Long also provides a list of many of the descendants that are buried in what he
calls, "Studebaker-Long
Cemetery".[32]
Deeds
On Bakers Lookout Peter, master of the guild, built the first
Studebaker home, the first Studebaker factory, and the first Studebaker mill. Broadfording Wagon Road was built to run
through the property. Peter owned property on both sides of the Conococheague
creek, so he built a bridge over the creek in 1747. Peter began the family
business on the Bakers Lookout
property where he manufactured everything, all necessities including products
he made in Solingen Germany and naturally wagons. Bakers Lookout, the 1740, 100-acre land patent, Hagerstown,
Maryland, was the first of many land patents to be acquired by Peter Studebaker.[33]
Some additional properties
purchased by Peter Studebaker are listed below:
In 1740 he purchased 200 acres
and called the property Bakers Purchase.
In 1740 he also purchased 100
acres and called the property Bakers Lott.
In 1743 he purchased 365
additional acres added to and called Bakers
Lookout.
In 1749 Peter purchased 63 acres
and called the property Shoemakers
Purchase.[34]
In 1751 Peter purchased 100
acres and named the property Wolfs Lott.[35]
In 1751 he purchased 100 more
acres and called the property Wolfe
Purchase.[36]
In 1751 Peter purchased 100
acres and called that property Hopewell.[37]
In 1744 he bought 100 acres and
called that property Walnut Bottom.
In 1749 Peter purchased 150
acres and called the property Strife.[38]
Peter also purchased 50+6 acres
called Bakers Delight.
Some of Peter Studebaker's
property added up to 1471 acres.
To prove the age Bakers Lookout
house, the 1749, Shoemakers Purchase survey and deed reference the Studebaker
house as a landmark to survey Shoemakers Purchase.[39]
Also proving the age of Peter Studebaker’s home on Bakers Lookout is the 1751
survey and transfer of land patented to Peter Studebaker that conveyed to his
son in law, John Long, “all singular buildings” transferred with Bakers lookout
property.[40]
Wagon
Making
Hagerstown,
Maryland to
South
Bend, Indiana
“The tax list of
York County, Pennsylvania in 1798-9 showed among the taxable were Peter
Studebaker, Sr. and Peter Studebaker, Jr. wagon-makers, which trade later
became the foundation of the family fortune and the corporation which now bears
his name.”[41]
Although Peter Studebaker’s life in the colonies was short, less than 18 years,
the family business flourished through his descendants and apprentices expanded
the vast land holdings enlarging the Studebaker family business and it’s
industrious wagon-making region. Peter’s trade secrets never changed and were
passed from father to son, generation to generation. The Studebaker family
business plan, purchasing, again and again, vast amounts of land, on which they
built industrious farms with mills and wagon making facilities and wagon selling
facilities, each identical to the Bakers
Lookout situation, industrious farms, lots of acres, on which one finds the
necessary resources, lumber, iron ore, oil shale and land selected with stream,
spring, or river to hydropower factories, mills and equipment.[42]
Peter's technology enabled expansion of the family business and famous wagon
designs; Conestoga wagon and Prairie Schooner.[43]
Peter’s trade was the stepping-stone that expanded the industrial revolution
and the transportation industry. Thomas E. Bonsall, wrote "Much more than the story of a family business; it is also, in
microcosm, the story of the industrial development of America.[44]
Migration and expansion of the
family business “trade” is fully documented with legal documents in the
Wierbach Manuscript,[45]
and is what Erskin understood when he credited German-born immigrant Peter
Studebaker as being the founder of the
Studebaker trade and family fortune.[46]
Bibliography
[1] Albert R.
Erskine,
History of the Studebaker Corporation,
South Bend, Indiana,
1918, page 9, 11, 13, 43
[2] Walter Carlock, Alvin Faust,
Ethel Irene Miller published by the Studebaker Family National Association,
Tipp City, Ohio The Studebaker Family in America, 1736-1979, page 35
[3] Historic Oregon City presents End of the Oregon Trail
Interpretive Center Wagon Design courtesy the University of
Oregon website dated 1/14/12 "Prairie Schooner manufactured by the
Studebaker Brothers, "specializing
in building wagons for overland emigrants offered shelter as good as a house.”
[4] Passenger list from the Ship Harle that
arrived in Philadelphia, September 1, 1736
[5] Eugene S.
Wierbach,
The David Studebaker Story,
Balboa Island,
California, April 1, 1969
[6] Thomas E.
Bonsall,
"More Than They Promised: The Studebaker Story"
[7] John B.
Rae,
"American Automobile Manufacturers: The first
Forty Years"
Philadelphia,
1959, pg. 16.
[8] The BIG LONG FAMILY In America,
1736-1979 A Host of Descendants of John Long 1728-1791 of plantation Bakers
Lookout, Washington County, Maryland, Researched and Compiled by Harvey
Lawrence Long AB, MA, JD of Mount Morris, Ogle County, Illinois with the
Assistance of Helpful Cousins.
[9] German American
Corner: German Achievements in America,
The Life of the German Settlers in Colonial Times, downloaded from web,
04/30/2012, page 3 of 4. http://www.germanheritage.com/Publications/cronau/cronau6.html
[10] Frederick
County, Maryland, Land Records
[11] Craft Guilds in the Middle Ages
downloaded from website, 04/30/2012
http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/craft-guilds-in-the-middle-ages.htm
[12] Frederick T. Moses,
Firemen
of Industry, Providence: Fireman's Mutual Insurance Company, 1954, page 23
Surveys
Maryland
Historical Trust Broadfording Road over
Conococheague Creek, Bridge Replacement Project,
#WA-I-306,
04/03/2001
Maryland
Historical Trust H H Martin House and
Property, Bridge Replacement Project,
#WA-I-334,
04/07/1999 and 8/1977
Maryland
Historical Trust Broadfording Road over
Troupe Run, Bridge Replacement Project,
#WA-I-876,
04/07/1999
Maryland
Historical Trust Martins Crossroads
Broadfording Road and Maryland Route 63,
#WA-I-334,
08/1977
Maryland
Historical Trust, CDA 16421 Broadfording Road, Hagerstown, MD, Mill complex,
#WA-I-307
[1]
John B.
Rae, "American Automobile
Manufacturers: The first Forty Years" Philadelphia, 1959, page 16a
[2] Frederick T.
Moses, Firemen of Industry, Providence:
Fireman's Mutual Insurance Company, 1954.
page 23
[3]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 9
[4]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 7
[5]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 11
[6]
Passenger list from the Ship Harle that arrived in
Philadelphia, September 1, 1736
[7]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, needs page
[8]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 11
[9]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 9
[10]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 13
[11]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 6
[12]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker Corporation
(South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 9
[13]
Eugene S.
Wierbach, The David Studebaker Story,
Balboa Island, California, entire manuscript
[14] Merriam Webster Dictionary defines the industrial
revolution: “A rapid major change in an economy marked by the general
introduction of power-driven machinery or by an important change in the
prevailing types and methods of use of such machines.” Peter Studebaker
tempered metal to create stable and reliable axels and hubs for wagon wheels
and gears that allowed for expansion to the west.
[15]
Thomas E.
Bonsall "More Than They Promised:
The Studebaker Story"
[16]
The Studebaker Family in America, page 35
[17]
German American
Corner: German Achievements in America,
The Life of the German Settlers in Colonial Times, downloaded from website,
04/30/2012, page 3 of 4.
http://www.germanheritage.com/Publications/cronau/cronau6.html
[18]
Passenger list from the Ship Harle that arrived in
Philadelphia, September 1, 1736, (see Exhibit D)
[19]
Eugene S.
Wierbach, The David Studebaker Story,
Balboa Island, California,
April
1, 1969, entire manuscript
[20] The Studebaker
Family in America
[21]
The Studebaker Family in America
[22]
Eugene S.
Wierbach, The David Studebaker Story,
Balboa Island, California,
April
1, 1969, entire manuscript
[23]
Eugene S. Wierbach,
the David Studebaker Story, Balboa Island, California, April 1, 1969, page 5.
[24]
Maryland
Historical Trust Broadfording Road over
Conococheague Creek, Bridge Replacement Project, #WA-I-306, 04/03/2001
[25]
Maryland
Historical Trust Broadfording Road over
Conococheague Creek, Bridge Replacement Project, #WA-I-306, 04/03/2001
[26]
Frederick
County, Maryland, Land Records
[27]
Maryland
Historical Trust Broadfording Road over
Conococheague Creek, Bridge Replacement Project, #WA-I-306, 04/03/2001
[28]
Craft Guilds in the Middle Ages downloaded
from website, 04/30/2012
http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/craft-guilds-in-the-middle-ages.htm
[29]
Frederick
County, Maryland, Land Records
[30]
Eugene S.
Wierbach, The David Studebaker Story,
Balboa Island, California,
April
1, 1969 page 6
[31]The BIG LONG FAMILY In America, 1736-1979 A Host of Descendants of John Long
1728-1791 of plantation Bakers Lookout, Washington County, Maryland, Researched
and Compiled by Harvey Lawrence Long AB, MA, JD of Mount Morris, Ogle County,
Illinois with Assistance of Helpful Cousins. page 8
[32]
The BIG LONG FAMILY In America, 1736-1979 A Host of Descendants of John Long
1728-1791 of plantation Bakers Lookout, Washington County, Maryland, Researched
and Compiled by Harvey Lawrence Long AB, MA, JD of Mount Morris, Ogle County, Illinois with the Assistance of Helpful
Cousins. page
8
[33]
Frederick County Land Records, 340 B page 355
[34] Frederick
County #4352 Surveyed for Peter Studebaker 4/28/1750
[35] Frederick
County Land Records, Liber 340 G, folio 24
[36] Frederick
County Land Records, Liber 340 H, page 37
[37] Frederick
County Land Records, deed book 3, page 623
[38] Frederick
County Land Records, Liber 340 B page 95
[39]
Frederick County Land Records, #4352, Surveyed for Peter
Studebaker 4/28/1750
[40]
Frederick
County Land Records, Bakers Lookout deed recorded at the request of John Long
03/20/1750, Liber 340B folio 355
[41]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 11
[42]
Eugene S.
Wierbach, The David Studebaker Story,
Balboa Island, California,
April
1, 1969, entire manuscript
[43]
Historic Oregon City presents End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center Wagon Design
courtesy the University of Oregon website dated 1/14/12 "Prairie Schooner manufactured by
the Studebaker Brothers, "specializing
in building wagons for overland
emigrants offered shelter as good as a house.”
[44]
Thomas E.
Bonsall "More Than They Promised:
The Studebaker Story"
[45]
Eugene S.
Wierbach, The David Studebaker Story,
Balboa Island, California,
April
1, 1969, entire manuscript
[46]
Albert R.
Erskine, History of the Studebaker
Corporation (South Bend, Indiana, 1918, page 11
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